It is argued that there has been a shift in the meaning of “excess burden” from Pigou to modern economics, related to what is used as a reference point when the effect of a tax is discussed. Is it the situation before the tax was introduced or what would have happened if a lump sum tax had been used instead? This distinction is important for tax policy, since the latter reference point leads to...

Coupling phenomena between artificial left-handed ~LH! transmission lines are explored on the basis of a transmission line approach of LH materials. A LH forward coupler in the form of an ideal lumped-element ladder network is presented and is shown to exhibit strong forward coupling that increases with decreasing of frequency. A quasi-lumped element microstrip implementation of a LH coupler is...

In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and the performance of a low-noise dual-polarized quasi-optical superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer at 550 GHz. The mixer utilizes a novel cross-slot antenna on a hyperhemispherical substrate lens, two junction tuning circuits, niobium trilayer junctions, and an IF circuit containing a lumped element 180 hybrid. The antenna con...

In this paper, two compact lumped element models synthesis methods for distributed passive electromagnetic structures are presented. The first method is based on the canonical Foster representation while the second method uses the Brune’s synthesis procedure which is a more general approach capable to account for lossy structures. Both methods, used in combination with a system identification a...

We describe the design, fabrication, and the performance of a low-noise dual-polarized quasi-optical superconductor insulator superconductor (SIS) mixer at 550 GHz. The mixer utilizes a novel crossslot antenna on a hyperhemispherical substrate lens, two junction tuning circuits, niobium trilayer junctions, and an IF circuit containing a lumped element 180 hybrid. The antenna consists of an orth...

This paper presents a lumped-parameter magnetic model for an interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine. The model accounts for the effects of saturation through a nonlinear reluctance-element network used to estimate the -axis inductance. The magnetic model is used to calculate inductance and torque in the presence of saturation. Furthermore, these calculations are compared to those from fi...

—A compact 180° hybrid has been developed for use in balanced SIS mixers. The lumped-element circuit uses superconducting Nb conductors on a 1.4 mm x 0.5 mm quartz substrate and operates over 4-12 GHz. Index Terms—Superconducting microwave devices, microwave integrated circuits, hybrid junctions, lumpedelement microwave circuits, superconductor-insulatorsuperconductor mixers.

Emerging results for mixed-domain circuit simulation, a component-level synthesis strategy, and a layout extractor is presented for use in design of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The mixed-domain circuit representation is based on Kirchhoffian network theory. Micromechanical and electromechanical components may be partitioned hierarchically into low-level reusable elements. The MEMS co...

A homology and cohomology solver for finite element meshes is represented. It is an integrated part of the finite element mesh generator Gmsh. We demonstrate the exploitation of the cohomology computation results in a finite element solver, and use an induction heating problem as a working example. The homology and cohomology solver makes the use of a vectorscalar potential formulation straight...