Abstract Accumulating evidence has shown that Wnt signaling is deeply involved in male reproductive physiology, and malfunction of the signal path can cause pathological changes genital organs sperm cells. These abnormalities are diverse manifestation have been constantly found knockout models studies. Nevertheless, most research solely focused on a certain factor pathway, there few reports ove...

1. Growth 1.1 Early Embryonic Growth 1.2 Embryonic Origin of Various Organ Systems 1.3 Description of Tissue Types 1.4 Growth in Meat Producing Animals 1.5 Regulation of Growth 1.6. Adipose Tissue Growth 1.7 Factors that Reduce Growth 2. Reproductive Physiology 2.1 Male Reproductive System 2.2 Hormonal control of Spermatogenesis and Male Reproduction 2.3 Female Reproduction. 2.4 Mating and Fert...

The initial evaluation of the subfertile male includes a through history and physical examination, semen analyses, and hormonal evaluation. However, a normal spermiogram does not necessarily correlate with fertility potential, because it does not assess sperm function. For this reason, specialized semen tests have been developed to test various aspects of spermatozoal function. This article rev...

Sexually reproducing organisms must process and respond to internal and external stimuli to successfully synchronize physiological and behavioural processes involved in reproduction. One such cue is an individual’s social environment. Interactions with conspecifics affect a female’s reproductive activity by inducing, suppressing, and/or accelerating reproductive processes. For example, many stu...

The characteristics of male and female reproductive tracts and reproductive physiology in camelids are described. An account is given on methods of collection, characteristics and storage of semen, and fertility after artificial insemination (AI) with fresh, liquid-stored and frozen-thawed lamoid and camel semen.

In conditions characterized by energetic constraints, such as in periods of low food availability, some trade-offs between reproduction and self-maintenance may be necessary; even year-round breeders may then be forced to exhibit some reproductive seasonality. Prior research has largely focused on female reproduction and physiology, and few studies have evaluated the impact of environmental fac...