The effects of an acute systemic injection of methamphetamine (mAMP) or cocaine (COC) on motor behavior (stereotypy, locomotor activity, and rearing) and extracellular dopamine (DA) in the ventral striatum were compared in Lewis (LEW) versus Fischer 344 (F344) rats, using in vivo microdialysis in awake freely moving animals. In addition, the behavioral response to repeated mAMP injections (i.e....

Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically triggers rearrangements to actin cytoskeletal arrays during innate immune signaling. However, the signaling cascades linking PRR activation by MAMPs to cytoskeleton remodeling are not well characterized. Here, we developed a system ...

Plants and animals possess innate immune systems to prevent infections and are effectively "nonhosts" for most potential pathogens. The molecular mechanisms underlying nonhost immunity in plants remain obscure. In Arabidopsis, nonhost/nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae sustains but pathogenic P. syringae suppresses early MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) marker-gene activation. We per...

Despite the fact that roots are the organs most subject to microbial interactions, very little is known about the response of roots to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). By monitoring transcriptional activation of beta-glucuronidase reporters and MAMP-elicited callose deposition, we show that three MAMPs, the flagellar peptide Flg22, peptidoglycan, and chitin, trigger a strong tissu...

Background: Methamphetamine (mAMP) as a recreational drug has devastating effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Several studies have shown that mAMP has inhibitory effects on oogenesis and spermatogenesis, and causes impaired fertility. This study designed to investigate the effect of mAM Padministration on histological changes and spermatogenesis indices in the testis of adult male rats...

Background: A syringe to syringe dispersive liquid phase micro-extraction-floating organic drop was applied and used for the simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of trace amounts of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MAMP) in urine samples. The extracted analytes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography along with diode array detection. Materials & Methods: In thi...

Multi-Agent Motion Planning (MAMP) is the problem of computing feasible paths for a set agents each with individual start and goal states within continuous state space. Existing approaches can be split into coupled methods which provide optimal solutions but struggle scalability or decoupled scalable offer no optimality guarantees. Recent work has explored hybrid that leverage advantages both i...

Pseudomonas syringae delivers a plethora of effector proteins into host cells to sabotage immune responses and modulate physiology to favor infection. The P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 effector HopF2 suppresses Arabidopsis innate immunity triggered by multiple microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) at the plasma membrane. We show here that HopF2 possesses distinct mechanisms for suppressi...

Binding of specific microbial epitopes [MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns)] to PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) and subsequent receptor kinase activation are key steps in plant innate immunity. One of the earliest detectable events after MAMP perception is a rapid and transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. In plants, knowledge about the signalling events leading to Ca2+ influx ...

Magnetotactic bacteria consist of a group of taxonomically, physiologically and morphologically diverse prokaryotes, with the singular ability to align with geomagnetic field lines, a phenomenon referred to as magnetotaxis. This magnetotactic property is due to the presence of iron-rich crystals embedded in lipidic vesicles forming an organelle called the magnetosome. Magnetosomes are composed ...