in this article, a numerical method based on  improvement of block-pulse functions (ibpfs) is discussed for solving the system of linear volterra and fredholm integral equations. by using ibpfs and their operational matrix of integration, such systems can be reduced to a linear system of algebraic equations. an efficient error estimation and associated theorems for the proposed method are also ...

the principle of dimensionality reduction with pca is the representation of the dataset ‘x’in terms of eigenvectors ei ∈ rn  of its covariance matrix. the eigenvectors oriented in the direction with the maximum variance of x in rn carry the most      relevant information of x. these eigenvectors are called principal components [8]. assume that n images in a set are originally represented in mat...

Matrix pencils, or pairs of matrices, may be used in a variety of applications. In particular, a pair of matrices (E,A) may be interpreted as the differential equation Ex′ + Ax = 0. Such an equation is invariant by changes of variables, or linear combination of the equations. This change of variables or equations is associated to a group action. The invariants corresponding to this group action...