PURPOSE Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are abnormalities of the cerebral cortex that arise from abnormal formation of the cortical plate, and have become increasingly identified as an important etiology for refractory epilepsy. Little is known about the spectrum, distribution and clinical features of MCDs, especially in resource-limited regions. This study investigates the distrib...

Communication protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) follow either an Optimum Routing Approach (ORA) or the Least Overhead Routing Approach (LORA): With ORA, protocols tend to determine and use the optimal communication structure at every time instant; whereas with LORA, a protocol tends to use a chosen communication structure as long as it exists. In this paper, we study the impact of t...

The short-limbed dwarfism metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS) is linked to mutations in type X collagen, which increase ER stress by inducing misfolding of the mutant protein and subsequently disrupting hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. Here, we show that carbamazepine (CBZ), an autophagy-stimulating drug that is clinically approved for the treatment of seizures and bipolar ...

In this paper, we use Genetic Algorithms to find the Minimum Connected Dominating Set (MCDS) of Unit Disk Graphs (UDG). UDGs are used for modeling ad-hoc networks and finding MCDS in such graphs is a promising approach to construct an efficient virtual backbone in wireless ad-hoc networks. The MCDS problem is proved to be NP-complete. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outp...

Objective. This article explores the relationship between the timing of land-use tool adoptions and local growth. Methods. Land cover data, census data, and information about land-use tools were merged for all Pennsylvania minor civil divisions (MCDs) for the period 1975/1980 to 1990/1992. First, the extent to which growth was absorbed in MCDs without land-use tools was assessed. Second, the im...

A novel chaotic spreading sequences for multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MCDS/CDMA) system is proposed. With this spreading sequence in the MC-DS/CDMA system, the effect of multiple access interference can be mitigated by choosing the spreading sequences with appropriate crosscorrelation properties. The performance of the system is assayed in the multiuser environmen...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate phospholipid metabolism in patients with malformations of cortical development (MCDs). METHODS Thirty-seven patients with MCDs and 31 control subjects were studied using three-dimensional phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) at 3.0 T. The voxels in the lesions and in the frontoparietal cortex of the control subjects were compared...

PURPOSE This study determined and compared the distances from the maxillary root apices of posterior teeth to the floor of the maxillary sinus, or maxillary sinus distances (MSDs), and the distances from the mandibular root apices of the posterior teeth to the mandibular canal, or mandibular canal distances (MCDs), in Thai subjects with skeletal open bite and skeletal normal bite. MATERIALS A...

Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are heterogeneous disorders caused by abnormalities of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cortical organization, and axon pathfinding. In severe MCDs, the cerebral cortex can appear completely disorganized, or may be replaced by aberrant laminar patterns, as in "4-layered" types of lissencephaly and polymicrogyria. Little is known about t...

Cortical Malformations and Networks. Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are highly epileptogenic brain lesions and patients usually become resistant to antiepileptic drug treatment. The histopathological spectrum of MCDs is large, ranging from prominent to only minute lesions. The association between MCDs and epileptogenesis has not been clarified so far but recent data promote the ide...