A system of „measurements‟ dissipating explanation of‟ quantum mechanical states‟ and parallel system of‟ quantum mechanical states „that contribute to the dissipation of the velocity of‟ measurements‟ done of the‟ quantum mechanical states‟ is investigated. It is shown that the time independence of the contributions portrays another system by itself and constitutes the equilibrium solution of ...

In this paper is presented a novel approach for current measurement using smart materials, magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys. Their shape change can be controlled by the application of magnetic field or mechanical stress. This gives the possibility to measure currents by correlating the magnetic field produced by the current, shape change in an MSMbased sensor and the voltage output of a Linea...

Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EW, U.K. (9th August, 1999; revised 10th February, 2000) No physical measurement can be performed with infinite precision. This leaves a loophole in the standard no-go arguments against non-contextual hidden variables. All such arguments rely on choosing special sets of quantum-mech...

Even though measurement results obtained in the real world are generally both noisy and continuous, quantum measurement theory tends to emphasize the ideal limit of perfect precision and quantized measurement results. In this article, a more general concept of noisy measurements is applied to investigate the role of quantum noise in the measurement process. In particular, it is shown that the e...

New features of mechanical ventilators are frequently introduced, including new modes, monitoring techniques, and triggering techniques. But new rarely translates into any measureable improvement in outcome. We describe 4 new techniques and attempt to define what is a new invention versus what is innovative-a technique that significantly improves a measurable variable. We describe and review th...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an important medical and biological tool for non-invasive imaging and measuring the mechanical changes of cells since its invention by Binnig et al. AFM can be used to investigate the mechanical properties of cellular events in individual living cells on a nanoscale level. In addition, the dynamic cellular movements induced by biochemical activation of s...

*Correspondence: [email protected] EOST, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, 5 rue René Descartes, 67000, Strasbourg, France Abstract Background: The distribution of induced-earthquake magnitudes in deep geothermal reservoirs is a classical tool for monitoring reservoirs. It typically shows some important fluctuations through time and space. Despite being a very crude information (i.e., a scalar...

The techniques of dummy fill and reverse etchback are often used prior to a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process to prevent film pattern density mismatches that lead to post-CMP film thickness variation. In this work, we present a methodology that utilizes both techniques in an intelligent fashion, and shows that both techniques can be used together to create a better balance of pattern ...