According to Pure Russellianism, if (1) David believes that Hesperus is a planetis true, (2) Phosphorus planet also true. It usually thought, by friends and foes of Russellianism alike, on it, when are (3) does not believe cannot but be false because this, many departed from Russellianism. In this paper, I will show relying the very explanation combined with account for sentences such as acknow...

Existing research indicates that instructed learners' L2 proficiency and their metalinguistic knowledge are moderately correlated. However, the operationalization of the construct of metalinguistic knowledge has varied somewhat across studies. Metalinguistic knowledge has typically been operationalized as learners' ability to correct, describe, and explain L2 errors. More recently, this operati...

Existing research indicates that instructed learners’ L2 proficiency and their metalinguistic knowledge are moderately correlated. However, the operationalization of the construct of metalinguistic knowledge has varied somewhat across studies. Metalinguistic knowledge has typically been operationalized as learners’ ability to correct, describe, and explain L2 errors. More recently, this operati...

This paper discusses proposed characteristics of implicit linguistic and explicit metalinguistic knowledge representations as well as the properties of implicit and explicit processes believed to operate on these representations. In accordance with assumptions made in the usage-based approach to language and language acquisition, it is assumed that implicit linguistic knowledge is represented i...

Abstract According to philosophical orthodoxy, the parties moral or legal disputes genuinely disagree only if their uses of key normative terms in dispute express same meaning. Recently, however, this orthodoxy has been challenged. an influential alternative view, genuine and disagreements should be understood as metalinguistic negotiations over which meaning a given term have. In paper, we arg...

The present study investigated the relationship between Chinese reading skills and metalinguistic awareness skills such as phonological, morphological, and orthographic awareness for 101 Preschool, 94 Grade-1, 98 Grade-2, and 98 Grade-3 children from two primary schools in Mainland China. The aim of the study was to examine how each of these metalinguistic awareness skills would exert their inf...

This paper discusses proposed characteristics of implicit linguistic and explicit metalinguistic knowledge representations as well as the properties of implicit and explicit processes believed to operate on these representations. In accordance with assumptions made in the usage-based approach to language and language acquisition, it is assumed that implicit linguistic knowledge is represented i...

We present a syntactic abstraction method to reason about first-order modal logics by using theorem provers for standard first-order logic and for propositional modal logic.

In this paper, we propose a classification of grammar development strategies according to two criteria : hand-written versus automatically acquired grammars, and grammars based on a low versus high level of syntactic abstraction. Our classification yields four types of grammars. For each type, we discuss implementation and evaluation issues.