The paper analyzes the impact of corruption in public sector on microeconomic entities developing countries. work defines concepts bribery and corruption, addition to legal context, it also generates views authors professional literature from that domain. conditions effects operations countries have been reviewed. Based analyzed synthesis collected data, an opinion has formulated constructive s...

This study identifies the causal effect of pension generosity on women’s fertility behavior. It capitalizes Brazil’s expansion system to rural workers, whose wealth subsequently more than tripled. Difference-in-difference, instrumental variable, and event methods show that reform reduces propensity childbearing women fertile age by 8 percent in short run. Completed declines 1.3 children within ...

Literature commonly finds student evaluations of economics instruction do not assess true teaching effectiveness. Many techniques improving learning outcomes result in lower because students must work harder. Still, we often rely on a single overall rating for assessing teacher quality. We construct model responses that indicate likeability the instructor and difficulty instruction. test predic...