Nearly half of the world’s presidential democracies choose their chief executives using a majority-runoff electoral rule (MRO), while most others used single-round plurality. What difference does it make? On the one hand, critics of MRO assert that the lower threshold of the first round inflates the number of presidential candidates, and with it the size of the party system. A fragmented party ...

The essence of human uniqueness and what is special about humans is spirituality. What is unique to every human being is his: language, sociability, politic, science, art, technical and working attitudes, playing games, fun and laughter, as well as religiosity and ethical attitudes. All of these dimensions are based upon spirituality or even the human spirit. This paper aims to relate all these...

this research develops a two-level model based on hypotheses, which concern relationships among role ambiguity, role conflict, job involvement and salesperson performance at individual level and collective sale self efficacy, customer orientation and competitive climate at sale unit level in iranian food industry. data was drawn from 482 sales people in 30 companies , using a 51-item self-repor...

The continuous ecological management of the Loess Plateau is known throughout the world for two strategies: the integrated soil conservation project that began in the 1970s, and the “Grain for Green” project that began in the 1990s. Six sub-catchments nested in the Beiluo River basin were selected to investigate streamflow regime variations during the two project periods. The annual streamflow ...

A rchitec ture A rt Books C ities / P laces C ommunity C ulture Des ign H is tory Des ign P rac tice Development Ecology Economy Education Energy Environment Film / V ideo Food/A griculture Geography Health / Safety His tory Hous ing Ideas Infras truc ture Landscape Photography P lanning Politic s / P olicy P reservation Public / P rivate Reputations Sustainability Technology T ransportation Ur...

In this paper, we built an agent-based model to integrate and synthesize social science theories to inform online community design. As an example, we use the model to examine how various styles of moderating online conversations affect community performance. We compared three styles of moderation – no moderation, in which all members are exposed to all messages; community-level moderation, in w...

Purpose Drawing on the job demands-resources theory, this study investigates mediating role of satisfaction and moderating roles abusive supervision perceived organisational support (POS) in relationship between perception politics (POP) employee performance. This hypothesised that employees with high POS low can function effectively even organisations a level politics. Design/methodology/appro...

Islamic economists preoccupation with the deductive approach needs being moderated by a greater recourse to induction, especially in discussing the role of values in the economic system. Values have played an important role in the Christian West in the past, not withstanding the current advocacy of moral relativism. Every social decision implies a value judgment. Values permeate the contemporar...