purpose: to determine any possible correlation between delayed ocular complications with late-onset complications of mustard gas poisoning in other systems including skin, respiratory tract, and immunohematologic system. methods: the study was conducted on 40 chemical war victims in khorasan province, iran. ophthalmologic and dermatologic examinations and spirometry were performed for all patie...

Sulfur mustard (SM) or mustard gas is a chemical alkylating agent that causes blisters in the skin (blister gas), burns the eyes and causes lung injury. Some major cellular pathways are involved in the damage caused by mustard gas such as NF-κb signaling, TGF-β signaling, WNT pathway, inflammation, DNA repair and apoptosis. MicroRNAs are non-coding small RNAs (19-25 nucleotides) that are involv...

background: about 100,000 iranian have been exposed to chemical weapons during iraq‑iran conflict (1980‑88). after being spent of more than two decades, still about 30,000 of them are under follow‑up treatment. the main aim of this study was to review various preventive and therapeutic methods for injured patients with sulfur mustard in different phases. methods: for gathering information, we h...

purpose : to review ocular surface abnormalities caused by exposure to mustard gas and current approaches to manage its delayed-onset complications methods : a total of 198 medical articles related to mustard gas were reviewed using known international medical databases, 114 articles were more relevant to the main aim were selected. results : mustard gas-related ocular injuries can be divided i...

background: theophylline may reverse steroid resistance and decrease inflammation in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and sulfur mustard (sm) induced bronchiolitis. this study was designed to assess the effects of low-dose theophylline on improvement of pulmonary function tests (pfts) of sm exposed patients.methods: in this comparative observational study, a group of sm-exposed victims d...

purpose: to compare clinical outcomes of two methods of corneal transplantation, penetrating keratoplasty (pk) versus lamellar keratoplasty (lk), in patients with delayed-onset mustard gas keratitis (mgk). methods: in this retrospective, comparative, interventional case series, 78 eyes of 55 victims of chemical warfare with delayed-onset mustard gas keratopathy who underwent pk or lk were enrol...

purpose: to report the outcomes of manual lamellar keratoplasty (lkp) in patients with delayed-onset mustard gas keratitis (mgk) and compare visual outcomes between subgroups with simultaneous or sequential klal and lkp. methods: in this retrospective, interventional study, 52 eyes of 37 male survivors of chemical warfare with mgk who underwent lkp were included. the results were evaluated with...