This article explores the failure of urban renewal in Bombay city during the ®rst quarter of the twentieth century. It shows how colonial rule structured a class-driven process of uneven urban `improvements' that actually exacerbated the problems of congestion, bad housing and environmental blight. In this process, the new forces of modernity were selectively appropriated to accentuate the diff...

The incidence of human infection with the broad tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense has been increasing in urban areas of Japan and in European countries. D. nihonkaiense is morphologically similar to but genetically distinct from D. latum and exploits anadromous wild Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host. Clinical signs in humans include diarrhea and discharge of the strobila, whic...

Much previous research has problematized the use of a binary urban–rural distinction to describe human settlement patterns in and around cities. Peri-urban zones, on edge urban settlements, are important both sheer magnitude population terms being home vulnerable populations with high rates poverty. This Perspective presents framework that conceptualizes rural–urban transition through prism shi...

Consistently finding consistent differences Animals in a population frequently display consistent among-individual differences in their behaviours (Bell, Hankison, & Laskowski, 2009; D. S. Wilson, 1998). Among-individual differences in behaviour have long been considered important as such differences are required for natural selection to cause mean individual behaviour to change. Indeed, in the...

natural climatic conditions in urban areas can be changed by human physical environment. climate as a natural system and city as a human system have close mutual connections. urban population growth and consequent increase in urban physical expansion may lead to intensification in human activities and disturbances in the environment. this contributes to alterations in solar radiation, balance o...

natural hazards in the form of floods, quakes, cyclones, and the like have existed since the earth has come to being. in recent decades, in spite of scientific and technological developments in forecasting incidents, building construction and crisis management have imposed heavy expenses on human societies. the importance of many natural hazards is so great that to predict the very occurrence a...

Today’s cities are full of signs: roadsigns, signposts, maps, graffitis, among many others. Future mobile digital information systems used in urban space will add another dense, digital layer of information on top of that, augmenting the user’s view with additional visual signs. If we want these envisioned systems to enlighten instead of confuse the user and if we therefore want to understand h...