An expanded and folded neocortex is characteristic of higher mammals, including humans other primates. The neocortical surface area was dramatically enlarged during the course mammalian brain evolution from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic this bestowed cognitive functions especially primates, humans. In study, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice in which expression Sonic hedgehog (Shh) could be c...

Kalmbach A, Hedrick T, Waters J. Selective optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic axons in neocortex. J Neurophysiol 107: 2008–2019, 2012. First published January 11, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00870.2011.— Acetylcholine profoundly affects neocortical function, being involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, sensory and motor function, and plasticity. The majority of cholinergic afferents to ...

Uncovering the reward function of optimal controllers is crucial to determine desired performance that an expert wants inject a certain dynamical system. In this paper, inference algorithm discrete-time expert's proposed. The approach inspired by complementary mechanisms striatum, neocortex, and hippocampus for decision making experience transference. These systems work together infer associate...

Although previous analyses indicate that neocortical neurons originate from the cortical proliferative zone, evidence suggests that a subpopulation of neocortical interneurons originates within the subcortical telencephalon. For example, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing cells migrate in vitro from the subcortical telencephalon into the neocortex. The number of GABA-expressing cells in ...

The mammalian neocortex is a remarkable structure that is characterized by tangential surface expansion and six-layered lamination. However, how the mammalian neocortex emerged during evolution remains elusive. Because all modern reptiles have a homolog of the neocortex at the dorsal pallium, developmental analyses of the reptilian cortex are valuable to explore the origin of the neocortex. How...

Acetylcholine profoundly affects neocortical function, being involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, sensory and motor function, and plasticity. The majority of cholinergic afferents to neocortex are from neurons in nucleus basalis. Nucleus basalis also contains projecting neurons that release other transmitters, including GABA and possibly glutamate. Hence, electrical stimulation of ...

The current study investigated whether human influenza viral infection in midpregnancy leads to alterations in proteins involved in brain development. Human influenza viral infection was administered to E9 pregnant Balb/c mice. Brains of control and virally-exposed littermates were subjected to microarray analysis, SDS-PAGE and western blotting at three postnatal stages. Microarray analysis of ...