In a companion paper, we reported that the goldfish oculomotor neural integrator could be trained to instability or leak by rotating the visual surround with a velocity proportional to +/- horizontal eye position, respectively. Here we analyze changes in the firing rate behavior of neurons in area I in the caudal brainstem, a central component of the oculomotor neural integrator. Persistent fir...

Introduction: Although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. The present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (CnF)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw...

Neural population activity often exhibits rich variability. This variability can arise from single-neuron stochasticity, neural dynamics on short time-scales, as well as from modulations of neural firing properties on long time-scales, often referred to as neural non-stationarity. To better understand the nature of co-variability in neural circuits and their impact on cortical information proce...

The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key structure in brain mesocorticolimbic reward circuits that mediate "liking" reactions to sensory pleasures. Do firing patterns in VP actually code sensory pleasure? Strong evidence for hedonic coding requires showing that neural signals track positive increases in sensory pleasure or even reversals from bad to good. A useful test is the salt alliesthesia of phy...

introduction: although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. the present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (cnf)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw...

An unnoticed chaotic firing pattern, lying between period-1 and period-2 firing patterns, has received little attention over the past 20 years since it was first simulated in the Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) model. In the present study, the rat sciatic nerve model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) was used as an experimental neural pacemaker to investigate the transition regularities of spontaneous f...

introduction: previously, we demonstrated that i.p. injection of aqueous extract prepared from aerial parts of drosera spatulata (droseraceae) can induced remarkable analgesia in both phases of formalin test in rats. because, analgesia induced in acute phase of formalin test mainly mediated by activation of central analgesic mechanisms and also paragigantocellularis (pgi) nucleus is part of bra...