as encephalitis, diabetes, heart failure, carbon monoxide poisoning, and cerebral arteriosclerosis. However, in a few recorded cases spheroids were sufficiently numerous to dominate the morphological picture. Some of these patients were infants or children showing a somewhat uniform clinical picture and pattern of encephalopathy, so that they could have been cases of the same disease or syndrom...

Keywords Disease names and synonyms Definition/Diagnostic criteria Differential diagnosis Etiology Clinical description Diagnostic methods Epidemiology Management Unresolved questions References Abstract Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder with onset in the first or second year of life. Frequency is unknown. It is characterized by a pr...

BACKGROUND Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative disorder. Patients with INAD usually show neurological symptoms with infant onset and die in childhood. Recently, it was reported that mutations in the PLA2G6 gene cause INAD, but neuropathological analysis of genetically confirmed individuals with neuroaxonal dystrophy has been limited. RESULTS ...

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) describes a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterised by high brain iron and the presence of axonal spheroids, usually limited to the central nervous system. Mutations in the PANK2 gene account for the majority of NBIA cases and cause an autosomal recessive inborn error of coenzyme A metabolism called pantothenate kinase...

BACKGROUND PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by three distinct phenotypes: infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (atypical NAD), and PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. METHODS A consanguineous index case from Turkey was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinsonism at the Istanbul Faculty of Medicin...

Background: PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by three distinct phenotypes: infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (atypical NAD), and PLA2G6-related dystonia–parkinsonism. Methods: A consanguineous index case from Turkey was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinsonism at the Istanbul Faculty of Medicin...