BACKGROUND Neuromodulation is an effective and reversible treatment option for chronic intractable pain. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) represents a field of application of neuromodulation and is known to be effective for several conditions including complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), and chronic leg and back pain. SCS has some technical limitations that ...

UNLABELLED The use of neuromodulation as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has recently attracted renewed interest due to development of other non-pharmacological therapies besides electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). METHOD...

INTRODUCTION Neuromodulation is often used by the nervous system to change a muscle’s response to nervous system stimulation. Invertebrate preparations are well suited for study of neuromodulation because of their experimentally tractable nervous systems and biomechanics. The Aplysia smooth muscle I2 is a good model for neuromodulation because it is a muscle with known behavioral correlates [1]...

Computational modeling of neural substrates provides an excellent theoretical framework for the understanding of the computational roles of neuromodulation. In this review, we illustrate, with a large number of modeling studies, the specific computations performed by neuromodulation in the context of various neural models of invertebrate and vertebrate preparations. We base our characterization...

Neuromodulation is a ubiquitous feature of neural systems, allowing flexible, context specific control over network dynamics. Neuromodulation was first described in invertebrate motor systems and early work established a basic dichotomy for neuromodulation as having either an intrinsic origin (i.e., neurons that participate in network coding) or an extrinsic origin (i.e., neurons from independe...

From the time that it was granted US Food and Drug Administration approval, neuromodulation has secured a firm position in the treatment algorithm for overactive bladder. With neuromodulation, physicians were able to bridge the gap between the two ends of the treatment spectrum (medical therapy and open surgery). Sacral nerve stimulation has been the most widely used form of neuromodulation. Re...

Neuromodulation can dynamically alter neuronal and synaptic properties, thereby changing the behavioral output of a neural circuit. It is therefore conceivable that natural selection might act upon neuromodulation as a mechanism for sculpting the behavioral repertoire of a species. Here we report that the presence of neuromodulation is correlated with the production of a behavior that most like...

Neuromodulation in one form or another has been studied for decades for various disease states. Although its mechanism of action remains un-explained, numerous clinical success stories suggest it is a therapy with efficacy and durability. Controlled studies have led to the approval of sacral neuromodulation for urinary urgency and frequency, urinary retention, and urinary urge incontinence. The...

In the past decade, advances in science have produced several novel neuromodulation therapies. As novel neuromodulation therapies are introduced, it is imperative that clinicians in the field of Psychology and Psychiatry carefully weigh the evidence base, risks and benefits before applying these new treatments to our patients Neuromodulation therapies that have emerged include: (1) Transcranial...