Solid–liquid equilibria in mixed electrolyte aqueous solution have been investigated using available thermodynamic data for solids and for aqueous electrolyte solutions. The mean spherical approximation (MSA) modified by Lu et al. [Fluid Phase Equilib. 85 (1993) 81] is used to calculate the mean ionic activity coefficients in mixed electrolyte solutions at saturation conditions. Solid–liquid eq...

This paper reports the electrochemical behaviour of supercapacitor carbon electrodes operating in different aqueous solutions modified by various redox-active species (hydroxybenzenes, bromine derivatives and iodide). Three dihydroxybenzenes with varying stereochemistry, i.e., -OH substitution, have been considered as electrolyte additives (0.38 mol L(-1)) in acidic, alkaline and neutral soluti...

A comprehensive model has been developed for calculating the viscosity of aqueous or mixed-solvent electrolyte systems ranging from dilute solutions to fused salts. The model incorporates a mixing rule for calculating the viscosity of solvent mixtures and a method for predicting the effect of finite electrolyte concentrations. The mixing rule represents the viscosity of multicomponent solvent m...

Ion-specific solvation has fundamental implications in biochemistry, and the thermodynamics and dynamics of aqueous salt solutions have correspondingly been investigated intensively. Nonetheless, there are fundamental unresolved issues in modeling the dynamics of aqueous salt solutions and the related problem of polymers dissolved in these solutions. In particular, experiments show that the sel...

Redox flow batteries are receiving wide attention for electrochemical energy storage due to their unique architecture and advantages, but progress has so far been limited by their low energy density (~25 Wh l(-1)). Here we report a high-energy density aqueous zinc-polyiodide flow battery. Using the highly soluble iodide/triiodide redox couple, a discharge energy density of 167 Wh l(-1) is demon...

Lithium-ion batteries raise safety, environmental, and cost concerns, which mostly arise from their nonaqueous electrolytes. The use of aqueous alternatives is limited by their narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 volts), which sets an intrinsic limit on the practical voltage and energy output. We report a highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte whose window was expanded to ~3.0 volts ...

Thin-film gold electrodes were produced by radio-frequency sputtering using a polyvinyl chloride foil as substrate. The voltammetric behavior was characterized in various electrolyte solutions. In alkaline and neutral aqueous solutions reliable voltammetric measurements can be performed while in acidic media some nondefined phenomena occur. A novel type of electrode for batch injection analysis...

Nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) is an excellent shape memory (SMA) for microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) particularly in biomedical applications owing to its three features effect (SME), superelasticity, and biocompatibility. The temperature-dependent material transformation properties of Nitinol SMAs make conventional machining difficult. Micro-ECM, a non-conventional process conductive m...