Since independence, Myanmar has prioritised a non-aligned foreign policy to preserve autonomy in the international arena. Yet, it done so contrasting and sometimes opposite ways. Historically, Myanmar's great power diplomacy resembled pendulum swinging between two ideal types: ‘positive non-alignment’ ‘negative neutralism’. The former represents proactive blend of behaviour that seeks assert in...

Charles Darwin proposed that evolution occurs primarily by natural selection, but this view has been controversial from the beginning. Two of the major opposing views have been mutationism and neutralism. Early molecular studies suggested that most amino acid substitutions in proteins are neutral or nearly neutral and the functional change of proteins occurs by a few key amino acid substitution...

The neutrality theory predicts that the rate of molecular evolution will be constant over time, and thus that there is a molecular clock for timing evolutionary events. It has been observed that the variance of the rate of evolution is generally larger than expected according to the neutrality theory. Several modifications of the theory have been proposed to account for the 'overdispersion' of ...

Species interactions play key roles in linking the responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to environmental change. For instance, species interactions are an important determinant of the complexity of changes in trophic biomass with variation in resources. Water resources are a major driver of terrestrial ecology and climate change is expected to greatly alter the distribution of ...

What causes interindividual variation in fitness? Evidence of heritability of latent individual fitness traits has resparked a debate about the causes of variation in life histories in populations: neutralism versus empirical adaptationism. This debate about the processes underlying observed variation pits neutral stochastic demographic processes against evolutionarily relevant differences amon...

Chemically managed plants impose environmental risks to humans and environment. Using biological approaches control plant diseases is a more effective environment friendly alternative. The approach disease refers controlling by using organisms like fungi, bacteria viruses. This can be done introduction or utilization of resident antagonistic living organisms. Biological achieved through differe...

How should one discount utility across time? The conventional wisdom in social science is that use an exponential function. Such a function representation of the axioms provide well-defined plus condition known as stationarity. Yet stationarity doesnt really have much intuitive normative pull on its own. Here I try to cast it glow by deriving from two explicitly premises, both suggested philoso...

The history of the Theory of Evolution has been told a number of times by historians, philosophers, professors, writers, scientists and so on. However, many of these versions differ from or even contradict one another. In this article, the history of the Theory of Evolution is retold according to a dialectical-materialistic perspective. It analyzes the historical contradictions between Darwinia...