This paper considers the case where adequate negligence standards cannot be defined because actions of defendants before an accident are imperfectly observable. Negligence-based liability rules, which are often considered as the only efficient liability rule in the presence of multiple tortfeasors, are not feasible in this environment. We propose an insurance-based liability rule as a remedy: D...

The practice of allowing a trial judge to condition his refusal of a defendant's motion for a new trial upon the plaintiff's acceptance of a reduction in damages, known as a remittitur, has had a long, if somewhat uneven, history in the federal court system.' In particular, this mechanism for imposing the judge's will upon the determination of damages in a civil trial has been criticized 2 in l...

one of the main concerns of lawyers is that on what basis a responsible person to be identified. legal thought with respect to its defined objectives represented different bases. it looks that in judicial system of iran the “negligence rule” make the primary responsibility. in unilateral and bilateral events the “negligence rule” leads to performance, although it should be noted that in cases w...

The knowledge o r g a n i z a t i o n of a r u l e -based damage assessment system of e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s subj e c t e d t o ear thquake e x c i t a t i o n i s o u t l i n e d i n t h i s p a p e r . A p r i n c i p l e o f i nexac t i n f e r e n c e to o b t a i n a r a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d . The f u z zy set t heo ry and the p r o d u c t i o n s...

Abstract To study the damage of shock vibration generated by ship hull to internal equipment under secondary explosion impact, a three-dimensional simulation model BE rubber isolator was established. The signal impact load loaded AUTODYN software. And relationship between primary and frequency, amplitude, attenuation loading found. It is revealed that law curve conforms rational function. Based...

Fatigue life of Ti alloys is decreased by tensile stress dwell even at room temperature, which called Cold Dwell (CDF). CDF similar to creep-fatigue some metals (stainless steel, Ni-base alloy, and so on) in the point decrease fatigue with or strain high temperature. In this study, time exhaustion rule ductility based on linear cumulative damage were calculated for assessments. case rule, total...

Rock structures are subjected to cyclic tension-compression loading due to a blasting, earthquake, traffic and injection-production in underground storage case. Therefore study the fatigue behavior of rock samples under this type of loading is required. In this study, the accumulated fatigue damage for a Green Onyx rock sample which consisted of only one mineral composition with two-step high-l...

INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle retains a large degree of phenotypic plasticity throughout the lifetime of an individual, allowing muscle to respond adaptively to changes in both the nature and intensity of muscle use. Hence, repeated bouts of resistance exercise produce compensatory growth (hypertrophy) of skeletal muscle, even late in life (Drummond et al., 2008), characterized by an increase in...