one of the important discussions in the science of principles of jurisprudence is generalization and restriction. implication of generality from proper nouns and sentences is through premises of wisdom. there are different viewpoints about generic nouns in terms of conventionality of their reference to generality or their being based . on premises of wisdom, like proper nouns and sentences. pre...

The journal will be 175 years old next year. During that time it has had four names: the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1840-52), the Association Medical Journal (1853-56), theBritishMedical Journal (1857-1988), andBMJ (1988-2014). Now it gets a fifth, with the inclusion in its name of the definite article. The journal formerly known as BMJ will now be formally known as The BMJ. This ...

the phrase “hodood that are not mentioned in this code” in article 220 of islamic penal code of 2013 and “shar’i definite tazir” in article 115 of this code are ambiguous from figh and legal viewpoint, then we have to resort to interpretation for recognizing their instances, in this regard, three interpretations are possible, first, restricting “hodood” to six famous types and allocating defini...

In this paper we propose a non-clausal representational formalism (of definite formulas) that retains the syntactic flavor and algorithmic advantages of Horn clauses. The notion of a definite formula is generic in the sense that it is available to any logical calculus. We argue that efficient automated reasoning techniques which utilize definite formula representation of knowledge (such as SLD-...

This paper examines the status of so-called ‘pleonastic’ determiners, focusing on the plural definite generic common in Romance languages. It is noted that every language has generic or kind-denoting terms but such terms vary between bare and definite (rather than indefinite) forms across languages. Canonical and non-canonical uses of definite determiners are distinguished and language variatio...

Since Heubner's (1985) pioneering study, there have been many studies on (mis) use/ non-use of articles by L2 learners from article-less and article languages. The present study investigated how Persian L2 learners of English produce and interpret English definite descriptions and demonstrative descriptions. It was assumed that definite and demonstrative descriptions share the same central sema...

Numerous grammatical items can only be understood if the context is taken into account. In order to provide a formal treatment of this problem, we introduce the nonon of knowledge base into linguistics. After having worked out a hard core system of rules for analysing numerals, definite articles, and indefinite articles, we give a thorough study of the French singular definite article le. This ...