Econometric Causality This paper presents the econometric approach to causal modeling. It is motivated by policy problems. New causal parameters are defined and identified to address specific policy problems. Economists embrace a scientific approach to causality and model the preferences and choices of agents to infer subjective (agent) evaluations as well as objective outcomes. Anticipated and...

In this paper we discuss the implementation of receiver-driven rate adaptation using multicast and SNR scalability as supported by Version 2 of ITU-T Recommendation H.263 -Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication. We compare the layered bit stream approach to receiver-driven rate adaptivity to the approach using multiple independent bit streams. We show that although the independent, non-sca...

Layered Statechart-based AI shows considerable promise by being a highly modular, reusable, and designer friendly approach to game AI. Here we demonstrate the viability of this approach by replicating the functionality of a full-featured and commercialscale behaviour tree AI within a non-commercial game framework. As well as demonstrating that layered Statecharts are both usable and amply expre...

rotavirus, a triple-layered non-enveloped member of the reoviridae family, obtained a transient membrane envelope when newly synthesized subviral particles bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (er). as rotavirus particles mature, they lose their transient membrane and obtain outer layer. it is mostly believed that only double layered particles bud into the er. the present study describes that the...

The developments in printing technologies allow fabrication of micron-size nano-layered delivery systems to personal specifications. In this study we fabricated layered polymer structures for drug-delivery into a microfluidic channel and aimed to interferometrically assure their topography and adherence to each other. We present a scanning white light interferometer (SWLI) method for quantitati...

We study the problem of producing hierarchical drawings of layered graphs when some pairs of edges are not allowed to cross. We show that deciding on the existence of a drawing satisfying at least k constraints from a given set of non-crossing constraints is NP-complete even if the graph is 2-layered and even when the permutation of the vertices on one side of the bipartition is fixed. We also ...

A new approach to structuring layered protocols using polymorphic service access points and type inheritance between protocol machines is presented Polymorphic service access points facil itate the exible instantiation of protocol machines containing the minimal functionality required by an application The type inheritance structure is induced by a vertical partitioning of the upper layers of t...

Accurate demand forecasting is one of the most key issues in inventory management of spare parts. The problem of modeling future consumption becomes especially difficult for lumpy patterns, which characterized by intervals in which there is no demand and, periods with actual demand occurrences with large variation in demand levels. However, many of the forecasting methods may perform poorly whe...

Protocol composition is a common approach to structure generic protocols used by networked applications, and typically a vertically layered approach is taken. This paper presents an alternative approach, where the protocol composition is a weakly-coupled set of protocol modules organized in a non-hierarchical structure. Protocol modules are dynamically constructed at runtime. The approach is de...