This paper uses the gravity-model approach to deal with two issues related to economic integration. The first concern is to analyse the impact on FDI stocks of specific variables denoting the will to integrate, and their relative impact on exports. Variables considered include tariffs, non-tariff barriers and exchange rate variability. The results show that the widespread opinion – and theoreti...

International economic activities have helped species spread into non-native habitats, which cause significant ecological and economic burden of invaded countries. Therefore, an intuitive method to prevent exotic species from invasion is to use tariff or non-tariff trade barriers to limit trade. Nevertheless, restriction on trade has its own costs; and besides, trade barriers may not be availab...

This paper develops a new model of a trade agreement that puts at center stage the competing interests between firms within a sector. Larger firms favor trade liberalization whereas smaller firms favor protection. Lobbying by firms for or against the agreement is modelled as an all-pay auction, thus incorporating the feature that binding contracts over contributions for policies cannot be writt...

Trade policy barriers are only one element of the overall trade costs. Due to the decrease in the influence of tariff barriers on trade, institutional barriers may be increasing in relative importance. In this line, this paper compares and quantifies the impact that a number of institutional and policy trade barriers have on bilateral trade flows. Results indicate that institutional trade barri...

Deep trade agreements are widespread and have taken the world beyond tariff liberalization in goods trade. As importance of global supply chains services sector increased across world, shallow reductions gave way to deeper commitments that address non-tariff barriers behind border This paper shows deep agreement increase by 25% for even more services. Taking reduced-form estimates a quantitativ...