Causes are defined informally to be events which are both contextually necessary and contextually sufficient for their effects. A formal, logico-pragmatic, definition is then given and discussed.

The American Medical Association’s Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation (Causation)1 is an important component of the AMA Guides library. This text delineates a type of evaluation that is distinctly different from a diagnostic evaluation, a treatment planning evaluation, a prognosis evaluation, or an impairment evaluation. It provides a protocol for determining whether a cli...

In practical applications, however, one is often confronted with the problem that the measurement errors which are quoted define a 68% confidence level interval around a Maximum Likelihood estimate, whereas one would need an unbiased estimator with its standard deviation in order to form a weighted average. In addition, one usually has to deal with statistical and systematic uncertainties, and ...