The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects agrochemicals registered for soybean on parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum in immature stages. Bioassays were conducted laboratory by exposing eggs parasited, using methods proposed International Organization Biological and Integrated Control Noxious Animals Plants (IOBC). experimental design completely randomized with eight replicates per treatm...

Evidence for sentience in animals distantly related to humans is often sought observations of behavioral and neural responses noxious stimuli that would be painful humans. Most proposed criteria “lower” such as decapod crustaceans have no necessary links the affective (“suffering”) component pain. The best evidence affect learned aversion associated with experience, conditioned preference conte...

Recent evidence has shown that fish display aversive behavioral and physiological reactions and a suspension of normal behavior in response to noxious stimuli that cause pain in other animals and humans. In addition to these behavioral responses, scientists have identified a peripheral nociceptive system and recorded specific changes in the brain activity of fish during noxious stimulation. As ...

Recent evidence has shown that fi sh display aversive behavioral and physiological reactions and a suspension of normal behavior in response to noxious stimuli that cause pain in other animals and humans. In addition to these behavioral responses, scientists have identifi ed a peripheral nociceptive system and recorded specifi c changes in the brain activity of fi sh during noxious stimulation....

Animals employ multiple mechanisms to detect the presence and location of environmental stimuli. Recent work suggests that Caenorhabditis elegans uses chemosensory information provided by spatially distinct sensilla to generate a sensory map of its environment and to avoid noxious compounds.

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and...

This study aimed to assess fear responses to a novel object while experiencing a noxious event to determine whether nociception or fear will dominate attention in a fish in novel object testing paradigm. This experimentally tractable animal model was used to investigate (1) the degree of neophobia to a novel object while experiencing noxious stimulation, (2) the response of the fish after remov...

Phenomenal consciousness or the subjective experience of feeling sensory stimuli is fundamental to human existence. Because of the ubiquity of their subjective experiences, humans seem to readily accept the anthropomorphic extension of these mental states to other animals. Humans will typically extrapolate feelings of pain to animals if they respond physiologically and behaviourally to noxious ...

Using dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we have explored the ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) to acutely (within minutes) sensitize responses of nociceptors to capsaicin or noxious heat during postnatal development. While robust sensitization of noxious heat or capsaicin responses by NGF is observed in adult DRG neurons, responses to such stimuli in trkA-positive neurons f...

Detection of innocuous temperatures allows an organism to select an appropriate environmental climate, while the ability to recognize noxious temperature extremes warns of impending tissue damage. For temperatures considered cold, the menthol receptor TRPM8 is activated when temperatures drop below approximately 26 degrees C, thus making it an intriguing candidate as the molecular mediator of c...