the developing turbulent flow in an open channel is a complex three-dimensional flow influenced by the secondary currents and free surface effects and is, therefore, not amenable to analytical solution. this paper aims to study the impact of three key hydraulic parameters (relative roughness, the froude number and the reynolds number) on the establishment length using computational fluid dynami...

Submerged breakwaters are one of the shore protective structures. Any discontinuity in these breakwaters causes changes on current parameters including speed and water surface profile. In this paper, discontinuous submerged breakwaters were modelled to investigate the changes in the wave and flow pattern.To investigate the phenomenon, three models including a shore with constant slope, a shore ...

gas-lift pumps are devices for lifting liquid phase incorporating the gas phase to be injected in the bottom of liquid column. they are widely used in various industrial applications such as oil extracting in petroleum industries. gas-liquid flow being the main part of the flow through these systems, flowing in vertical pipes of gas-lift pumps has different regimes namely bubbly, slug, churn an...

considering the fact that rocks fail faster under tensile stress, rock tensile strength is of greatimportance in applications such as blasting, rock fragmentation, slope stability, hydraulic fracturing,caprock integrity, and geothermal energy extraction. there are two direct and indirect methods tomeasure tensile strength. since direct methods always encompass difficulties in test setup, indire...