A tetrasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of E. coli O40 was synthesized by using a convergent block glycosylation strategy. A disaccharide donor was coupled to a disaccharide acceptor by a stereoselective glycosylation. A 2-aminoethyl linker was chosen as the anomeric protecting group at the reducing end of the tetrasaccharide. All glycosylation steps a...

Abstract Introduction Vascularised composite allotransplantation (VCA) permits like-for-like reconstruction following extensive soft tissue injuries. The initial management of injury can lead to the development anti-HLA antibodies through injury, transfusion and cadaveric grafting. role antibody-mediated rejection, donor-specific graft rejection in context VCA remains unclear. This systematic r...

We study productivity dispersions across workers, firms and industrial sectors. Empirical study of the Japanese data shows that they all obey the Pareto law, and also that the Pareto index decreases with the level of aggregation. In order to explain these two stylized facts, we propose a theoretical framework built upon the basic principle of statistical physics. In this framework, we employ th...

Economists model time as continuous or discrete. The recent literature on continuous time models with delays should help to bridge the gap between these two families of models. In this note, we propose a simple time–to–build model in continuous time, and show that a discrete time version is a true representation of the continuous time problem under some sufficient conditions. JEL codes: O40, E3...

We study an overlapping generations model of human capital accumulation with threshold effects using regional data for West Germany. Our basic goal is to shed light on what makes German regions grow. The paper finds that the relative income distribution appears to be stratifying into a trimodal distribution. Thus, application of the threshold model to a real world case, here West Germany, shows...

This paper presents an evolutionary growth theory that captures the interplay between the evolution of mankind and economic growth since the emergence of the human species. This uni"ed theory encompasses the observed evolution of population, technology and income per capita in the long transition from an epoch of Malthusian stagnation to sustained economic growth. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All...

Abstract Introduction With increasing caesarean section (c-section) rates, personalised communication of risk has become paramount. A reliable tool to predict complications would support evidence-based discussion around planned mode birth. Method MEDLINE, Embase, Web Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched on 27th January with terms relating c-section, prognostic models, such as...

Can consumption externalities be a source of indeterminacy? The answer is negative in conventional wisdom. In this paper we show that consumption externalities establish local indeterminacy if the degree of decreasing impatience is sufficiently large. Dynamic models with indeterminacy are valuable as they tend to explain economic fluctuations without relying on exogenous shocks and question int...

Cross sectional estimation of convergence regressions is known to be hazardous if there is convergence towards heterogeneous steady state values. In this paper, Monte Carlo methods are used to investigate the implications of this parameter heterogeneity problem. The cross sectional and pooled OLS estimators are compared with a panel estimator which is unaffected by heterogeneity. If there is he...