Introduction There seems to be a degree of agreement about what might count as the 'new' histories of philosophy. In the Epilogue to his monumental The Invention of Autonomy, J. B. Schneewind provides a snapshot of the old and the new, pointing to the difference between histories of moral philosophy that assume a chain of thinkers all trying to solve the same problem and those newer histories t...

undoubtedly, one of the most fundamental issues in the study of law is obligation that has diverse types. one of them is alternative obligation which, despite instances in the iranian legal system, has not been mentioned by the civil code and has received less attention from authors. alternative obligation for the parties has several advantages and facilities including further guarantee of the ...

The most promising account of parental obligation currently on offer is a causal account. According to such an account, parents incur obligation to their offspring by causing them to exist. Causal accounts are explanatorily strong—the moral force of causing someone to exist seems straightforward. They seem to more or less capture our everyday intuitions about who is a parent with parental oblig...

Typically agents have obligations of diiering importance. Consequently we give a hierarchical deenition of obligations, according to which an agent's obligations form a coherent hierarchy and new obligations are de-ned with reference to it. We then show how preferential entailment can be used to formalise the persistence and revision of obligation hierarchies.