© 2009 Stephen Finlay S ince its publication in 1979, Bernard Williams’ “Internal and External Reasons”1 has been one of the most influential and widely discussed papers in ethics. I suggest here that the paper’s argument has nevertheless been universally misunderstood.2 On the standard interpretations, his argument — which he subsequently elaborated and de...

Anonymity has received increasing attention among the literature as a results of the users’ awareness of their privacy of late. Anonymity provides protection for users to relish network services whereas not being derived. whereas anonymity-related issues are extensively studied in payment-based systems like e-cash and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems, little or no effort has been dedicated to Wireles...

MiFare Classic is the most popular contactless smart card with some 200 millions copies in circulation worldwide. At Esorics 2008 Dutch researchers showed that the underlying cipher Crypto-1 can be cracked in as little as 0.1 seconds if the attacker can eavesdrop the RF communications with the (genuine) reader. We discovered that a MiFare classic card can be cloned in a much more practical tota...