Purpose: This study aimed at delineating the genetic basis of congenital ocular motor apraxia (COMA) in patients not otherwise classifiable.

Purpose To spatially and temporally define ocular motor nerve development in the presence and absence of extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods Myf5cre mice, which in the homozygous state lack EOMs, were crossed to an IslMN:GFP reporter line to fluorescently label motor neuron cell bodies and axons. Embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E15.5 wild-type and Myf5cre/cre:IslMN:GFP whole mount embryos and disse...

29 30 Rigorous descriptions of ocular motor mechanics are often needed for models of ocular 31 motor circuits. The mouse has become an important tool for ocular motor studies, yet 32 most mechanical data come from larger species. Recordings of mouse abducens neurons 33 indicate the mouse mechanics share basic viscoelastic properties with larger species, but 34 have considerably longer time cons...

In this chapter we describe a variety of rare but clinically identifiable ocular motor syndromes, including ocular neuromyotonia, superior oblique myokymia, ocular motor synkinesis, third nerve palsy with cyclic spasms, and paroxysmal manifestations of multiple sclerosis. These syndromes share many characteristics. They result from neurogenic hyperactivity, causing episodic spasms of one or sev...

Air-bags have received widespread support as an effective means of enhancing automotive safety, and they are becoming more common as standard automobile equipment on many cars. Although air-bag induced ocular injuries are rare, they present a serious concern because of the possibility of permanent damage or visual impairment. To date, most reports have investigated ocular injury from high veloc...

Ocular motor behavior is dictated by visual demands. The entire brain is involved in programming and executing of eye movements. Gaze shifts performed under natural conditions require an elaborate supranuclear coordination between various motor and sensory mechanisms. Recently, a wealth of novel data emerging from animal studies along with functional imaging in humans expanded and modified trad...

Ocular misalignment and ophthalmoparesis result in the symptom of binocular diplopia. In the evaluation of diplopia, localization of the ocular motility disorder is the main objective. This requires a systematic approach and knowledge of the ocular motor pathways and actions of the extraocular muscles. This article reviews the components of the ocular motor pathway and presents helpful tools fo...

Our detailed understanding of the physiology and anatomy of the ocular motor system allows an accurate differential diagnosis of pathological eye movement patterns. This review covers important clinical studies and studies in basic research relevant for the neurologist published during the past year.