this paper explains offset and develops a strategic approach for the implementation of offset-policy for a buyer country. offset emerges when a country cannot afford to pay cash for non-essential imports, and cannot get cash for many of its products. offset arrangements are most frequently found in the defense-related sector. however, recently, it refers to a range of industrial and commercial ...

Carbonate reservoir rocks of different pore structure have quite distinct and detectable 4D seismic signatures. Using three defined pore structure types (PST), these seismic signatures are correlated with the permeability patterns of carbonate rocks. In both the high-permeability PST3 and intermediate-permeability PST2 regions, gas injection is preferred than water injection for effective 4D se...

This paper explains offset and develops a strategic approach for the implementation of offset-policy for a buyer country. Offset emerges when a country cannot afford to pay cash for non-essential imports, and cannot get cash for many of its products. Offset arrangements are most frequently found in the defense-related sector. However, recently, it refers to a range of industrial and commercial ...

We describe a general offset-cancelling architecture for analog multiplication using chopper stabilization. Chopping is used to modulate the offset away the output signal where it can be easily filtered out, providing continuous offset reduction which is insensitive to drift. Both square wave chopping and chopping with orthogonal spreading codes are tested and shown to reduce the offset down to...

The three phase catalyst is popularly employed in modern engines for exhaust control and its catalytic efficiency is determined by the Air-Fuel ratio (A/F). In this paper, individual A/F control problem is addressed for a multi-cylinder SI engine, of which one exhaust pipe is shared by many cylinders. Firstly, an overlap model to describe the dynamics from individual fuel injection to A/F value...

A new concept for quadrature coupling of LC oscillators is introduced and demonstrated on a 5GHz CMOS VCO. It uses injection-locking through commonmode inductive coupling to enforce quadrature. The technique provides quadrature over a wide tuning range without introducing any phase noiseor power consumption increase. The realized VCO is tunable between 4.6GHz and 5.2GHz and measures a phase noi...

This work demonstrates that excess hot-carrier currents in SO1 MOSFETs are caused by self-heating. Self-heating-free Ism data should be used for dynamic lifetime extrapolation due to long thermal time constant. The underlying mechanism, increased impact ionization with temperature at low drain bias, is studied experimentally from the angle of thermal activation energy. Our study indicates that ...

In this paper, a novel and simple control strategy, based on state feedback method is suggested to control the power injection system (PIS). The considered PIS is composed of, a DC voltage source, a voltage source inverter (VSI) and a L-C-L filter. The DC source includes the battery source with boosted voltage. The battery can be charged with photovoltaic cells. Since, the grid voltage acts as ...