In thismainly pedagogical article, wediscuss underwhat circumstancesmeasurements play a special role in quantumprocesses. Inparticular,wediscuss the following facts that appear to be a commonarea of confusion. (i)Froma fundamental point of view,measurements play no special rolewhatsoever: all dynamics that canbe generated bymeasurements canbe generated by unitary processes (forwhich postselecti...

Results:Atbaseline,1915women(20.0%)werediagnosed as having vertebral fractures. Compared with women who did not have a vertebral fracture, women with 1 or more fractureshada1.23-foldgreaterage-adjustedmortality rate (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.37). Mortality rose with greater numbers of vertebral fractures, from 19 per 1000 woman-years in women with no fractures to 44 per 1000 woman-years ...

We study the problem of k-visibility in the memoryconstrained model. In this model, the input resides in a randomly accessible read-only memory of O(n) words with O(log n) bits each. An algorithm can read and write O(s) additional words of workspace during its execution, and it writes its output to write-only memory. In a given polygon P , for a given point q ∈ P , we say a point p is inside th...

This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as ajointfunction ofreflective and impulsiveprocesses. Inparticular, it is assumed thatsocial behavior is controlled by 2 interacting systems thatfollow different operatingprinciples. The reflective system generates behavioral decisions that are based on knowledge about facts and values, whereas the impulsive system elicits ...

In this study we investigated the importance of language in student test performance on mathematics word problems. Students were given released items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress mathematics assessment, along with parallel items that were modified to reduce their linguistic complexity. In interviews, students typically preferred the revised items over the original counte...

Path-integral ab initio molecular dynamics (PI-AIMD) calculations have been employed to probe the nature of chloride ion solvation in aqueous solution. Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are shown weaken hydrogen bonding between anion and shell water molecules. As a consequence, disruptive effect on solvent structure is significantly reduced compared what found absence NQEs. The hydration obtained ...

here, we have considered the husimi and wigner distribution functions. we have, inparticular, shown how the uncertainty principle works for the two cases of simple and damped harmonicoscillators when either of these two distributions are used. the conclusion shows that the husimidistribution function remains non-negative through the phase space but it does not always satisfies theuncertainty pr...

In this paper, we will briefly review the problem of IDS and IPS performance evaluation, demonstrating how flawed current approaches to evaluation are, both in academia and in the industry. We will show all the issues in current testing methodologies, as well as key reasons to distrust claimed performance rates of current IDS systems. We will also show how practical testing architectures can be...