Prolactin secretion is stimulated markedly in fish exposed to water of pH 4. This phenomenon was used to study the control of prolactin secretion. Activation occurs irrespective of changes in plasma osmolarity or plasma sodium and calcium concentrations. After acute acidification of the water, which leads to a substantial fall in plasma osmolarity and plasma electrolyte levels, the activation o...

PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between tear osmolarity and other ocular surface parameters and to determine the diagnostic value of tear osmolarity in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) using tear film break-up time, Schirmer I test, and cornea/conjunctiva staining. METHODS We included 310 eyes of 155 patients diagnosed with dry eye disease (39 primary SS and 116 non-Sjögren dry eye di...

BACKGROUND Increasing evidence is linking fluid intake, vasopressin suppression and osmotic control with chronic kidney disease progression. Interestingly, the association between urine volume, urine osmolarity and risk of dialysis initiation has not been studied in chronic kidney disease patients before. OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between urine volume, urine osmolarity and the risk ...

PURPOSE To evaluate the correlation between changes in tear osmolarity, symptoms, and corneal fluorescein staining in patients with dry eye disease (DED). DESIGN Retrospective, clinic-based cohort study. METHODS In this single-institution study, we reviewed the charts of 186 patients with DED from whom we had data on tear osmolarity, symptoms, and corneal fluorescein staining from 2 separat...

PURPOSE To assess the relationship between tear osmolarity and dry eye symptoms in patients with diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty patients with diabetes were enrolled. Demographic information and past medical history were recorded. Symptoms were assessed using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI). Tear osmolarity of each eye was measured with the TearLab® Osmolarity System. RESULTS T...

Vibrio cholerae is both an intestinal pathogen and a microbe in the estuarine community. To persist in the estuarine environment, V. cholerae must adjust to changes in ionic composition and osmolarity. These changes in the aquatic environment have been correlated with cholera epidemics. In this work, we study the response of V. cholerae to increases in environmental osmolarity. Optimal growth o...

Freshwater Protozoa are hyperosmotic to their environment. Direct determinations of intracellular osmolarity on Amoeba proteus and Pelomyxa carolinensis have given values between 101 and 117 m-osmole/kg cells, when the external osmolarity was 2-8 m-osmole/1 (Lovtrup & Pigon, 1951; Riddick, 1968; Schmidt-Nielsen & Schrauger, 1963). No measurements were made of intracellular osmolarity in respons...

BACKGROUND To determine the diagnostic performance of tear osmolarity in diagnosis of dry eye disease by using tear lab osmolarity system in people with type 2 diabetes, and to compare it with common diagnostic tests already available in clinical practice. METHODS Two hundreds forty three people with type 2 diabetes were included. Tear osmolarity was measured with the tear osmolarity system. ...

Cells subjected to sustained high osmolarity almost universally respond by accumulating compatible organic osmolytes that, in contrast to inorganic ions, are not deleterious even at high intracellular concentrations. Their accumulation from the external environment by known organic osmolyte transporters, such as the four identified in mammals, occurs only slowly in response to sustained high os...

To determine whether the osmolarity of rabbit lacrimal gland fluid (LGF) changes with flow rate, microvolumes (approximately 0.2 microliters) were collected directly from he cannulated glandular excretory duct of anesthetized rabbits. Low flow rates were obtained by collection of LGF 5 min after instillation of proparacaine: higher flow rates were obtained by stimulation with 0.45, 0.9, 3.8, or...