refrigerants that are used in refrigeration systems, cause environmental difficulties such as depletion of ozone layer and greenhouse effect. thus, we must find substitutes for such refrigerants, in this paper, the effect of refrigerant on the thermodynamics performance of refrigeration cycles are studied. to do this, a refrigerator that has designed for r12, is simulated. results show that pur...

1 Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-6160, USA 2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK 3 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14–901, Wellington, New Zealand 4 British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK 5 McGill University...

Stratospheric ozone depletion through catalytic chemistry involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is an area of focus in the study of geophysics and one of the global environmental issues of the twentieth century. This review presents a brief history of the science of ozone depletion and describes a conceptual framework to explain the key processes involved, with a focus on chemistry. Observatio...

The substantial springtime loss in ozone amount in the lower Antarctic polar stratosphere has prompted extensive studies of ozone depletion over the last two decades (World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1992, 1995, 1999). Due to the important role ozone plays in absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, the ozone decline in mid-latitudes and dramatic ozone depletion over Antarctica may have ...

The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are industrial chemicals used as solvents, refrigerants, plastic foam blowing agents, etc. These compounds are eventually released to the environment; they slowly drift into the stratosphere, where they decompose, initiating a catalytic process involving chlorine free radicals and leading to ozone destruction. The stratospheric ozone layer is important for the ear...

It is well established that anthropogenic chlorine-containing chemicals contribute to ozone layer depletion. The successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol has led to reductions in the atmospheric concentration of many ozone-depleting gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons. As a consequence, stratospheric chlorine levels are declining and ozone is projected to return to levels observed pre-...

The 1987 Montreal Protocol regulating emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozonedepleting substances (ODSs) was motivated primarily by the harm to human health and ecosystems arising from increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation associated with depletion of the ozone layer. It is now known that the Montreal Protocol has helped reduce radiative forcing of the climate sys...

It is well-understood that reductions in air quality play a significant role in both environmental and human health. Interactions between ozone depletion and global climate change will significantly alter atmospheric chemistry which, in turn, will cause changes in concentrations of natural and human-made gases and aerosols. Models predict that tropospheric ozone near the surface will increase g...

Apparent depletion of ozone in a cold (;08C), continental stratus cloud system was observed during in situ data collection on 30 April 1994 at the Department of Energy Clouds and Radiation Test Bed site in northern Oklahoma. Analyses of the aircraft data show a significant negative correlation between ozone concentration and liquid water content (LWC) in this cloud. Although droplets of pure wa...