post-operative pain and its management remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. on the other hand, opioid drug abuse has a large prevalence in iran. formalin test has been used as a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats. in the present study, the post-operative pain in morphine addicted rats was compared with that of non-addicted ones us...

since its first description of botulism toxicity in 1820s, specific formulations of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) have been introduced with different clinical benefits. however, there is increasing number of adverse events reported to food and drug administration. this report presents the case of 62-year-old woman with parkinson’s disease who received bont injections to treat painful spasticity i...

introduction: migraine is a common cause of emergency department (ed) visits. to date, there is no recommended drug of choice for pain management of these patients. in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ketorolac and magnesium sulfate in this regard. methods: this is a cross-sectional study performed on all 18 - 60 year-old patients, visiting two different eds with com...

post operative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. formalin test has been used as a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats. systemic and spinally administered clonidine, an ?2-adrenergic agonist, is proved to enhance postoperative analgesia. it has also been shown that morphine-dependent rats experience more chro...

introduction: the american academy of orofacial pain defined temporomandibular disorders (tmds) as”a collective term that embraces a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory muscles, the tmj (temporomandibular joint), and the associated structures”. pain and dysfunctional symptoms or signs such as limitations in opening, asymmetric jaw movements and tmj sounds are the most commo...