since the ancient times, burial practices have displayed certain characteristics among different iranian ethnic groups and regions were influenced by the local religious orientations, traditions and environments, and are regarded as part of the spiritual culture of any given population. indeed, religious beliefs play the main role in this diversity. because of the empire’s long endurance and va...

This paper seeks to shed new light on the latest discovered Hellenistic and Parthian occupation period at Ulug-depe (South Turkmenistan). After its abandonment end of Middle Iron Age period, site was reoccupied during late 1st millennium BC. Extended research led by joint French-Turkmen Archaeological Expedition (MAFTur) has succeeded in unearthing this many places studied a varied pottery asse...

in iranian archaeology, sistan played an important role especially in the parthian period. this region is well known since it was cross road for greeksto reach the east, a place for scythians arrival, the presence of powerful suren pahlav clan and the place of epic and heroic tales. during the parthian era favorable environmental conditions of sistan caused to arise many of towns and settlement...

The author provides a summary of the problematic and complex events registered by diaries during troubled period between end Seleucid rule coming Parthians. Aim is to show how historical references in were not mere list events, but series connected elements organised form narration. What surprising it almost total absence Parthian Studies, made more disappointing claimed effort contex...

darabgird is one of the ancient cities in fars province. according to iranian mythology, darab shah (dariush, the great) found the city in the achaemenid period. but, due to the fact that 1.21% of total ceramics gathered from the city belongs to the parthian era, we can accept that the city remained in use since parthian period to the islamic era. data analysis shows that the city had a strong...

the study of seals and seal impressions can make clear the dark corners of the social history of the seleucid and parthian. on the other hand, the analysis of personal and social position of individuals or groups for understanding the complicated relationship between human with other people or groups, also for the understanding of interactional relationships has gained special attention in hist...

The mountain fortress of Rabana-Merquly was a major regional centre the Parthian period (first century BC) in Zagros Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan. iconography two rock-reliefs that show an unnamed ruler suggests association with vassal kingdom Adiabene. exceptional preservation fortress's stone walls, undamaged by later agriculture this highland location, provides almost complete example large, fo...