Large-scale particle-in-cell calculations of the plasma wake interactions of two negatively charged grains smaller than the Debye length are carried out using the coptic code over a wide range of subsonic plasma flow velocities. In plasmas with the temperature ratio T(e)/T(i)=100, it is found that a single grain's oscillatory wake disappears for flow Mach numbers M less than approximately 0.3, ...

as a native fermented dairy drink, doogh is an important industrial product in iran. however, its characteristics have not been completely evaluated. this study evaluated the flow behavior, particle size distribution and stability of non-fat doogh as affected by the row material employed (fresh skim milk or skim milk powder) and the total solids (ts) content of the final drink. the viscosity of...

In this study, a white light particle image velocimetry (WL PIV) system which employs a light sheet generated with a flash was used. The system was developed in order to provide a cost-efficient and safe alternative to laser systems while keeping the accuracy limits required for hydraulic model tests. To investigate the accuracy of WL PIV method under different flow conditions, experiments were...

In this research work, a 3D numerical modeling technique is proposed based on the 3D particle flow code in order to investigate the failure mechanism of rock foundations. Two series of footings with different geometries and areas are considered in this work. The failure mechanism obtained is similar to that of the Terzaghi’s but there is a negligible difference in between. Lastly, one equation ...

Abstract The rock fragmentation and crack propagation of anisotropic induced by tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunneling is studied in this paper. First, a numerical model based on the 2D particle flow code (PFC2D) established calibrated to reveal four stages fragmentation. In Stage I (indentation depth 0–0.4 mm), indentation force beneath cutterhead increases decreases dramatically with accumulat...

Particle Scale Reservoir Mechanics — This paper summarizes some developments and applications of discrete particle modelling based on the commercial code PFC (Particle Flow Code). The following examples with relevance to geomechanical reservoir behaviour are described: – Numerical and experimental results are shown illustrating nonlinear evolution of depletion-induced compaction and stress path...

Particle systems have been used successfully in applications ranging from simulations of physical phenomena, to creation of special effects in the movie industry, to scientific visualization. One problem encountered in practice is that application programmers usually derive a new code from scratch for each application even though particle systems have a basic object-oriented flavor. In this pap...