Plant colonization on archaeological structures is limited by the substrate conditions of stone surfaces. Despite its relevance for ecological studies and management plans sites, knowledge monuments (e.g., stones, microhabitats, microsites), which could be suitable sites plant establishment, an underestimated topic. Here, we aim to identify preference plants in colonizing surfaces as a first st...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Biodeterioration is an irreversible damage that is caused by colonization of microorganisms on the surface of different materials. Among all microorganisms, fungi play an important role in deterioration of materials. Fungi can colonize on stone surfaces and by secreting different enzymes, organic and inorganic acids and pigments, can cause bio-weathering and changing n...

as far as it is known, the tombs of many famous kings of achaemenid dynasty have been explored so far, such as the tomb of cyrus the great in pasargadae, the tombs of darius i, xerxes the great, ardashir i and darius ii in naqsh-e rustam, the tombs of ardashir ii and ardashir iii and unfinished tomb of darius iii in persepolis. however, there has been no identified tomb ascribed to cambyses ii ...

the decentralized structure of the arsacid empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. at this time pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past achaemenids. persis kings’ coins minted f...