The Wright brothers followed their invention of the first practical airplane (1903) with a second epochal invention, the angle of attack sensor and aircraft stabilizer (1908). Both inventions were patented and details of each are contained in the respective patents for these two aeronautical advances. This paper emphasizes how the angle of attack sensor actuated an "automatic stabilizer." This ...

Patents A patent is the legal right of an inventor to exclude others from making or using a particular invention. This right is sometimes termed an 'intellectual property right' and is viewed as an encouragement for innovation. This article gives a brief history of patenting, and discusses the legal and administrative process for obtaining a patent in the major world jurisdictions. Evidence on ...

The patent system aims at protecting inventions. The requirement that a software invention should make “a technical contribution” turns out to be untenable in practice and this raises the question what constitutes an invention in the realm of software. We develop a classification of software inventions and use this classification to explore the meaning of the notions “novelty”, “inventive step”...

Accompanying the growth of the knowledge sector in many economies is an increased interest in property rights for the knowledge being created by firms and individuals, that is, in the protection of those rights via Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). IPRs include patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and a number of more specialized instruments such as plant patents. Because these rig...

The 1883 Patents Act in Britain provides perspective formodern patent policy reforms because it radically changed incentives for inventors by reducing filing fees by 84 percent. Patents increased 2.5-fold after the reform, which was evenly distributed across the geography of inventors, the organization of invention 0 September 2010 ccepted 15 October 2010 vailable online 30 November 2010

Spillover of knowledge is considered to be an important cause of agglomeration of inventive activity. Many studies argue that knowledge spillovers are localized based on the observation that patents tend to cite nearby patents disproportionately. Specifically, patent citations are typically interpreted as marking the transmission of knowledge from the cited invention to the citing invention. Th...

To study the effect of green industrial policies comprehensively, this paper takes uses a sample Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019 impact local governments’ environmental emphasis on corporate innovation. The results show that has significant positive number patents enterprises. More importantly, attention mainly plays its role by improving protection awar...

119 In Summer 2003, the European Commission referred eight EU member states—Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and Sweden—to the European Court of Justice for their failure to implement the European Directive (98/44/EC) on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (European Commission, 2003). The German government recently published its proposal to i...