background: chronic daily headache (cdh) has gained little attention in functional neuro-imaging. when no structural abnormality is found in cdh, defining functional correlates between activated brain regions during headache bouts may provide unique insights towards understanding the pathophysiology of this type of headache. methods: we recruited four cdh cases for comprehensive assessments, in...

The most important risk factors for anxiety disorders include genes, early life stress, and current stress. These factors do not act independently but interact with each other throughout human development through examples such as epigenetic modifications and complex forms of learning. The neural substrate of pathological anxiety includes hyperactivity in the amygdala and other limbic brain regi...

Background Despite the long history associated with varicocele, it remains one of the most controversial issues in the field of Andrology. The main base of this is our current understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. This has hampered treatment and management of varicocele, especially regarding why, when and to whom varicocelectomy should be applied. The main molecular pathology of...