Tomatoes are soft skin fruits highly susceptible to fungi contamination, mainly through injured skin or damaged tissues (AYRES; KRAFT; PIERCE, 1964; PEARSON; HALL, 1975). Strains from several fungi species are known to produce toxins on tomatoes during field production or storage. In the U.S.A., the main fungi genera found in tomatoes were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Collet...

Wine and fermenting musts are grape products widely consumed worldwide. Since the presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi may greatly compromise their quality characteristics and safety, there is an increasing need for relatively rapid "user friendly" quantitative assays to detect fungal contamination both in grapes delivered to wineries and in final products. Although other fungi are most freque...

the contamination of cereals with toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, mycotoxins, is a permanent challenge in human health. these toxins are produced by a few fungi are mainly of the genera fusarium , aspergillus and penicillium . ochratoxin a is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which possesses carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic and possibly neurotoxic properties. zearalenone is a non-steroidal e...

Coffee pain can cause disease, and moisture is known to be a catalyst for fungal growth. In this study, many fungi are identified that may number of expected dangerous chronic diseases in most people who addicted drinking coffee every day. And without adhering the sound health rules, which violation some or part them growth toxins they produce coffee, negatively affect lives as making machine o...

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that building-associated Penicillium spores and spore extracts can induce significant inflammatory responses in lung cells and animal models of lung disease. However, because spores and spore extracts comprise mixtures of bioactive constituents often including toxins, it is impossible to resolve which constituent mediates inflammatory responses. This stud...

A survey was conducted to compare the total viable fungal content and the number of different mold species encountered in 10 types of health foods labeled organically grown and in the same foods without such a label. The foods were wheat flour, corn meal, brown rice, figs, split peas, pinto beans, soybeans, walnuts, pecans, and peanuts. Results showed no consistent difference in either the tota...

The mycoflora, levels of afllatoxins and the presence of ochratoxin A and zearalenone in nuts of Cola acuminata and C. nitida were determined immediately after curing and after 3, 6 and 9 months of storage in leaf-lined baskets. Five field fungi and 11 storage fungi were isolated. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were the predominant genera. None of the target toxins was detected immediate...

Occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in different feed ingredients and compound feeds was screened by accredited methods based on the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High frequency co-occurrence of both toxins was found in wheat grain and processed sunflower seeds. Citrinin levels exceeded those of ochratoxin A in the majority of co-contaminated feed samples, and the ...

The sesquiterpene cyclase aristolochene synthase from Penicillium roquefortii (PR-AS) has evolved to catalyse with high specificity (92%) the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) to the bicyclic hydrocarbon (+)-aristolochene, the natural precursor of several fungal toxins. Here we report that PR-AS converts the unnatural FDP isomer 7-methylene farnesyl diphosphate to (+)-aristolochene via t...