conclusions according to the results, six strains were resistant to six or seven antibiotics and all strains were at least resistant to two antibiotics. however, for each of these resistant bacteria one bacteriophage was isolated from environmental samples, which showed the effectiveness of bacteriophages to remove clinically resistant e. coli strains. effective phages in vitro showed effective...

Background:  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) molecules are expressed on T-cells and inhibit their function by inhibiting activation of subsequent T-cell molecular pathways. Blocking of CTLA-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. Due to several advantages of single-chain antibodi...

Phage therapy is the application of bacteria-specific viruses with the goal of reducing or eliminating pathogenic or nuisance bacteria. While phage therapy has become a broadly relevant technology, including veterinary, agricultural, and food microbiology applications, it is for the treatment or prevention of human infections that phage therapy first caught the world's imagination--see, especia...

In recent times, increased attention has been given to evaluating the efficacy of phage therapy, especially in scenarios where the bacterial infectious agent of interest is highly antibiotic resistant. In this regard, phage therapy is especially applicable to infections caused by the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) since members of the BCC are antibiotic pan-resistant. Current studies in BCC...

Life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. There is growing interest in exploiting bacteriophages (or phages) combat bacterial infections. Phages often target surface structures that may also be important for virulence. Upon phage challenge, these molecules lost or modified, resulting resistance and possibly phenotypical conv...

bacteriophage is a kind of virus that infect bacteria, and is distinct from the animal and plant viruses that could have either lytic or lysogenic cycle. lytic phages known as candidates for phage therapy, since they rapidly replicate into their host and lyse them. theoretically, phages have more than a few benefits over routine antibiotics. they are extremely specific and for their targeted ho...

results the bacteriophage, designated mj1, was isolated by testing against a clinical mdr e. coli 3 strain. the mj1 phage showed a wide range of heat and ph stability. the phage morphology, determined by transmission electron microscopy, revealed a structure comprised of a head (108 ± 0.2 nm long by 128 ± 0.5 nm wide) and a contractile tail (123 ± 0.5 nm long by 15 - 26 nm wide). these features...

Bacteriophage therapy, the use of viruses that infect bacteria as antimicrobials, has been championed as a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. Although in the laboratory bacterial resistance against phages arises rapidly, resistance so far has been an only minor problem for the effectiveness of phage therapy. Resistance to antibiotics, however, has become a major issue after deca...