Introduction Avalanche photodiode detectors (APD) have and will continue to be used in many diverse applications such as laser range finders, data communications or photon correlation studies. This paper discusses APD structures, critical performance parameter and excess noise factor. For low-light detection in the 200to 1150-nm range, the designer has three basic detector choices the silicon P...

In this paper, we examine the simulations of two different applications of a Picosecond time-of-flight (TOF) detector. The system uses Cherenkov light created in the window of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) as the detecting medium. We examine the possibilities of using GEANT4 [1], and of using the simulation package called Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) [2]. With some simple...

Abbreviations 2D, 3D 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional CZT cadmium zinc telluride EKG electric signal from the heart FBP filtered backprojection FOV field-of-view GE General Electric Ge(Li) germanium detector doped with lithium MLEM maximum likelihood expectation maximization NaI(Tl) sodium iodine doped with thallium NM nuclear medicine OSEM ordered subset expectation maximization PET positron emiss...

Photomultiplier tube (PMT) receiver is a promising solution for long-distance underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) due to its characteristics of high gain, low noise, and large area. However, the complex environment leads dynamic change received intensity impacts stability reliability UWOC system using PMT. In this work, bandwidth limitation performance degradation caused by PMT sat...

The design principle of a biochemiluminescent instrument is presented. diagnoses influenza based on detection the flu viral neuraminidase activity. uses photomultiplier tube (PMT) as sensor, with 24 test channels. reaction disk driven by step motor to rotate, where reagent incubated. Finally, PMT detects number photons emitted and calculates enzyme correlation coefficient (R2) 2.83 5.06 log TCI...

Multianode photomultiplier tube (PMT) arrays are finding application as convenient high-speed light sensitive devices for plasma imaging. This paper describes the development of a USB-based "plug-n-play" 16-channel PMT camera with 16 bits simultaneous acquisition of 16 signal channels at rates up to 2 MSs per channel. The preamplifiers and digital hardware are packaged in a compact housing whic...

Photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage waveforms are the raw data of many neutrino and dark matter experiments. Waveform analysis is cornerstone processing. We evaluate performance all waveform algorithms known to us find fast stochastic matching pursuit best in accuracy. Significant time (up 2 times) energy 1.07 resolution boosts attainable with pursuit, approaching theoretical limits. Other metho...

A digital method for the discrimination of neutron and -ray events from an organic scintillator has been investigated by using frequency gradient analysis (FGA) based on the Fourier transform. Since the scintillation process and the photomultiplier tube (PMT) anode signal are often very noisy, most pulse-shape discrimination methods in a scintillation detection system (e.g., the charge comparis...

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator (LS) detector for neutrino mass ordering and other physics research. uses large-size $20$ inches photomultiplier tubes to detect photons from scintillator. PMTs are sensitive easily affected such that the detection efficiency loses about 60$\%$ under geomagnetic field intensity ($\sim$500 mG). It has significant...

Abstract The linear response of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) is required property for photon counting and reconstruction the neutrino energy. linearity valid region saturation PMT were investigated using linear-alkyl-benzene (LAB)-based liquid scintillator. A correlation was observed between two different responses, with pulse-shape distortion pulse-area decrease. provides useful information es...