Retinal degenerative diseases resulting in the loss of photoreceptors are one of the major causes of blindness. Photoreceptor replacement therapy is a promising treatment because the transplantation of retina-derived photoreceptors can be applied now to different murine retinopathies to restore visual function. To have an unlimited source of photoreceptors, we derived a transgenic embryonic ste...

Hermissenda crassicornis is an invertebrate model used to study classical conditioning using light as the conditioned stimulus. The memory of the association is stored in type B photoreceptors, the output of which depends on interactions with type A photoreceptors. To understand the effect of classical conditioning on the output of type B photoreceptors in response to light, we measured the eff...

Human vision comprises different structures whose physiological functions act as variable for a healthy human vision. Retina plays vital role in vision, hosting cells and neuron ten layers. The perikaryal of these neurons are segregated from neurological processes, forming discrete layers1. inner retina includes ganglion amacrine cells, whereas the outer rod cone photoreceptors. primary photore...

BACKGROUND Color vision is commonly assumed to rely on photoreceptors tuned to narrow spectral ranges. In the ommatidium of Drosophila, the four types of so-called inner photoreceptors express different narrow-band opsins. In contrast, the outer photoreceptors have a broadband spectral sensitivity and were thought to exclusively mediate achromatic vision. RESULTS Using computational models an...

Colour vision depends on comparison of signals from photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities. However, response properties of photoreceptor cells may differ in ways other than spectral tuning. In insects, for example, broadband photoreceptors, with a major sensitivity peak in the green region of the spectrum (>500 nm), drive fast visual processes, which are largely blind to chromati...

The eyes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, are a model for studies of visual function and the visual systems of euarthropods. Much is known about the structure and function of L. polyphemus photoreceptors, much less about their photopigments. Three visible-light-sensitive L. polyphemus opsins were characterized previously (LpOps1, 2 and 5). Here we characterize a UV opsin (LpUVOps1) th...