background and purpose: disc herniation leading to radiculopathy is one of the important differential diagnosis of low back pain which needs specific medical care. radiculopathies can be initially diagnosed by history taking and physical examination. however role of other diagnostic methods like magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and electromyography (emg) in narrowing differential diagnosis is w...

abstract introduction: today, there is a global tendency to teaching anatomy courses at the same time with clinical skills during medical education period. this project was designed to determine the effect of an integrated course of physical examination and trunk anatomy on second year medical students' knowledge of anatomy and their attitude towards this method of learning anatomy. method...

The estimation of central venous pressure (CVP) by inspection of the neck veins is regarded as a quintessential example of effective bedside cardiovascular examination because it is virtually cost-free and requires minimal time and no equipment. In the upright position, venous drainage from the head occurs primarily through the vertebral veins, allowing the jugular vein to act as a manometer, “...

Physical examination is the process of evaluating objective anatomic findings through the use of observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation . The information obtained must be thoughtfully integrated with the patient's history and pathophysiology. Moreover, it is a unique situation in which both patient and physician understand that the interaction is intended to be diagnostic and ther...

Among the many aspects of the physical examination, the diagnosis of skin disorders requires a unique approach. It demands the diagnostician’s ability not only to observe and interpret but also to use new language – the language of the dermatologist. The purpose of this handout is to give you the tools to perform a thorough dermatologic history and examination, to use a new set of terms to desc...

1. What is the meaning of a slow rate of rise of the carotid arterial pulse? A carotid arterial pulse that is reduced (parvus) and delayed (tardus) argues for aortic valvular stenosis. Occasionally this also may be accompanied by a palpable thrill. If ventricular function is good, a slower upstroke correlates with a higher transvalvular gradient. In left ventricular failure, however, parvus and...