An unusual and attractive pigmentation pattern mutation termed "salmon" has been identified in the United States in several captive colonies of the common neotropical boine snake boa constrictor [Boa constrictor (Boidae)]. Boa constrictors expressing the Sa pigmentation pattern appear to be restricted to regions of Panama. Animals with the Sa phenotype exhibit a sharp decrease in melanophore pi...

Mechanisms of animal skin pigment pattern formation have long been of interest to developmental and mathematical biologists. Although there has been a well-studied theoretical hypothesis—the reaction–diffusion system—that is able to reproduce the variety of skin patterns, a lack of molecular evieywords:

This study was conducted to examine morphometric and meristic characteristics alongside pigmentation patterns of bream larvae, Abramis brama orientalis, in four stages of larval development. Morphological characters including total length (TL), standard length (SL), notochord length (NL), head length (HL), head depth (HD), eye diameter (ED) and mouth width (MW) were examined from hatching time ...

The maize p1 gene encodes a Myb-homologous regulator of red pigment biosynthesis. To investigate the tissue-specific regulation of the p1 gene, maize plants were transformed with constructs combining promoter and cDNA sequences of two alleles which differ in pigmentation patterns: P1-wr (white pericarp/red cob) and P1-rr (red pericarp/red cob). Surprisingly, all promoter/cDNA combinations produ...

The pigmentation pattern of Lepidoptera varies greatly in different development stages. To date, the effects of key genes in the melanin metabolism pathway on larval and adult body color are distinct, yet the effects on pupal pigmentation remains unclear. In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the black pupa (bp) mutant is only specifically melanized at the pupal stage. Using positional cloning, we foun...

In many animal groups, sexually dimorphic ornaments are thought to evolve by intraspecific competition or mate choice. Some researchers pointed out that monomorphic could also choice both sexes either sex. Many species of fruit fly have wing pigmentation. However, involvement their in has not been tested. We aimed examine whether the polka-dotted pattern on wings Drosophila guttifera contribute...

The reaction-diffusion mechanism, presented by AM Turing more than 60 years ago, is currently the most popular theoretical model explaining the biological pattern formation including the skin pattern. This theory suggested an unexpected possibility that the skin pattern is a kind of stationary wave (Turing pattern or reaction-diffusion pattern) made by the combination of reaction and diffusion....

Insect pigmentation is a premier model system in evolutionary and developmental biology. It has been at the heart of classical studies as well as recent breakthroughs. In insects, pigments are produced by epidermal cells through a developmental process that includes pigment patterning and synthesis. Many aspects of this process also impact other phenotypes, including behavior and immunity. This...

The Rosea1, Rosea2, and Venosa genes encode MYB-related transcription factors active in the flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Analysis of mutant phenotypes shows that these genes control the intensity and pattern of magenta anthocyanin pigmentation in flowers. Despite the structural similarity of these regulatory proteins, they influence the expression of target genes encoding the enzymes of anthoc...

It might be difficult to diagnose pigmented lesions of the mouth and perioral regions. Although several may correctly identified on basis clinical findings alone while epidemiology helpful in guiding clinician, histological examination is typically necessary for final diagnosis. Oral hyperpigmentation present exogenously/ endogenously; pathologically/physiologically. The differential diagnosis ...