Pituitary adenomas can express and secrete different hormones. Expression of pituitary hormones in nonneoplastic pituitary cells is regulated by different transcription factors. Some pituitary adenomas show plurihormonal expression. The most commonly reported plurihormonal adenomas are composed of somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs. Pituitary adenomas composed of both corti...

It has long been suggested that the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones is under the control of the hypothalamus (Green and Harris, 1947; Harris, 1955). Early studies of the vasculature of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system in birds and mammals described a portal system of capillaries in close contact with neurosecretory cells of the median eminence of the hypothalamus and draining to...

By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the interrelationships of the anatomy and functions of the hypothalamus and the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland • Identify the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary, their target cells, and their principal actions • Identify the six hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, their tar...

Introduction The availability of hypothalamic-releasing hormones together with reliable assays of pituitary hormones in plasma have provided the means of accurate assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function. A case is described of clinical hypopituitarism following radiotherapy to the head and neck, in which the use of these pituitary function tests has demonstrated damage at the hypothalamic...

Pure preparations of pituitary and hypothalamic hormones are needed mainly for (1) their chemical characterisation, which increases our understanding of their biochemistry and makes their synthesis possible; (2) replacement therapy, in which contamination with other pituitary hormones is undesirable; and (3) the development of specific diagnostic assays. Pituitary hormones were first isolated f...

Most pituitary tumors are benign conditions and rarely malignant. These divided into secretory non-secretory based on the tumor’s capability of secreting hormones. A study conducted in UK showed a prevalence 77.6 adenoma cases out 100000 people.

The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones via release of releasing hormones into the hypophysial portal vasculature. Additional neuromessengers act at the pituitary to modulate responses to the hypothalamic hormones. For example, neuropeptide Y enhances the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the response to the prolactin-inhibiting hormone dopamine.

Hormones are hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and their primary function is to regulate speed of metabolism in many tissues. The releases its into bloodstream response a regulating hormone released pituitary called thyroid-stimulating hormone. It only organ body that has ability synthesize iodine large quantities for use synthesis hormones. consists two lobes, joined together isthmus, loc...

Genetic and molecular approaches have enabled the identification of regulatory genes critically involved in determining cell types in the pituitary gland and/or in the hypothalamus. Here we report that Otx1, a homeobox-containing gene of the Otx gene family, is postnatally transcribed and translated in the pituitary gland. Cell culture experiments indicate that Otx1 may activate transcription o...