The distributional impact of the public sector’s budget is a topic of enduring interest for economists and policymakers. The more recent literature on developing countries has focused almost exclusively on the expenditure side of the budget, as discussed in Chapter 2 But the few available studies on tax incidence in developing countries show that some tax policies have redistributive impacts – ...

Increasing accessibility and affordability of healthcare services has been considered as an important policy objective since the beginning of 1980s in Iran. However, current 60- 70% health care out-of-pocket payments create a barrier to an equal access to quality health services, especially in terms of new medicines which affects equity issues and "health" in Iran. Currently, health insurance o...

High associativity with replacement policy as LRU is an optimal solution for cache design when miss rate has to be reduced. But when associativity increases, implementing LRU policy becomes complex. As many advance and demanding technologies like multimedia, multithreading, database and low power devices running on high performance processors in servers and work stations use higher associativit...

In this paper, with the aim of estimating internal dynamics matrix of a gimbaled Inertial Navigation system (as a discrete Linear system), the discretetime Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation for optimal control has been extracted. Heuristic Dynamic Programming algorithm (HDP) for solving equation has been presented and then a neural network approximation for cost function and control input ...

the nigerian rice sector has made remarkable improvement in the last decade as production has increased significantly thereby reducing the gap between domestic supply and demand. in the last three decades, rice imports make up greater proportion of nigerian imports as rice forms a structural component of the nigerian diet. past government inconsistent policies were not successful in securing go...

pistachio is a major agricultural export commodity in iran. nowadays, it ranks first among iran’s agricultural exports. this paper focuses on the comparative advantage in pistachio production and the export market in iran. a policy analysis matrix (pam) framework and revealed comparative advantage (rca) index are applied to 2000-2004 data to study iranian government policy regarding pistachio p...

Baum (1992) and Ragan (1992b) independently devised a method that uses additive binary coding and parsimony to combine trees derived from di€ erent data sets, a procedure Ragan termed matrix representation with parsimony analysis (MRP). Because the method utilizes the topology of source trees rather than the orig inal data, (1) trees derived from di€ erent data types (e.g., molecular sequences,...

When a person produces a force with a fingertip, other fingers of the hand also show an increase in their force. This phenomenon has been termed enslaving (Li et al. 1998a; Zatsiorsky et al. 2000). When several fingers are activated simultaneously, the relations among fingers can be described with an inter-finger matrix (IMF). We suggest using the IMFs to quantify individual differences among h...