conclusions psychiatric, neurological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases are the most frequent reasons of referring patients to iran. more accuracy in screening and care of patients are recommended before hajj in order to prevent references to iran and its complications. results a total of 106 cases were referred iran during hajj 2012. psychiatric problems, with 26.4% allocated the hig...

policy making in health is largely thought to be driven by three ‘i's namely ideas, interests and institutions. recent years have seen a shift in approach with increasing reliance being placed on role of evidence for policy making. the present arti­cle ascertains the role of ideas and ideologies in shaping evidence which is used to aid in policy decisions. the article dis­cusses different theor...

background despite the significant role “values” play in decision-making no definition or attributes regarding the concept have been provided in health policy-making. this study aimed to clarify the defining attributes of a concept of value and its irrelevant structures in health policy-making. we anticipate our findings will help reduce the semantic ambiguities associated with the use of “valu...

integrated urban management means adopting a holistic approach to urban management and designing appropriate mechanisms for this approach’s requirements in practice. the integration of the urban activities brings together organizational , structural and institutional activities and action in which the urban development is supported. in order to achieve integration, it is essential to identify f...

1. Benzeval M, Judge K, Whitehead M. Tackling inequalities in health. An agenda for action. London: King’s Fund; 1995. 2. Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot M. Policy options for managing health inequalities in industrial and post-industrial countries. En: Strickland SS, Shetty PS, editors. Human biology and social inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 308-30. 3. Acheson D, Barker D, Ch...

the field of cognitive psychology has increasingly provided scientific insights to explore how humans are subject to unconscious sources of evidentiary bias, leading to errors that can affect judgement and decision-making. increasingly these insights are being applied outside the realm of individual decision-making to the collective arena of policy-making as well. a recent editorial in this jou...