POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE RULES OF CONSTITUTION REPUBLIC POLAND FROM 1997 The main aim of this article is the analysis how “political leadership” – a theoretical category from political science could be used in legal rules Polish Constitution 1997. There are three research paths analysing inspired by studies concerning leadership. first one attempts to answer question: which public office po...

In some democratic contexts, there is a strong aversion to the directive, individualistic and masculine expressions of leadership that have come to dominate the study of political leadership. Such leadership is antithetical to consensus democracies in parts of continental Europe, where the antipathy to leadership has linguistic, institutional as well as cultural dimensions. Political-administra...

prevalence of contagious diseases through foreign passengers and crews is one the serious problems in big ports. in the late qajar period, bushehr port became an important port because of military, political and economical reasons. in this time, some diseases such as plague and cholera prevailed in some iran’s neighbor countries like india and iraq and spread in bushehr by passengers and crews....

We link the universe of owners businesses formally registered in Mozambique since Independence to a new database politically exposed persons. Recreating dynamic network ties between firm owners, we estimate value party political and executive mandates their personal business interests. find holders office attain significantly faster growth not only number companies they own but also structural ...

BACKGROUND Economic inequality in the United States is extreme, but little is known about the national origin of affluent households. Households in the top one percent by total wealth own vastly disproportionate quantities of household assets and have correspondingly high levels of economic, social, and political influence. The overrepresentation of white natives (i.e., those born in the U.S.) ...

means "a private person", that is to say, "one not holding public office". I felt quite safe in giving you that definition today as there are so many holders of public office among my hosts that they, at least, can sit back comfortably and congratulate themselves on being by definition outside the scope of the term. Once the Welfare State has made civil servants of us all, of course, there will...

Negative campaigning presents parties with a collective action problem. While parties would prefer to have their competitors attacked, potential backlash effects from negative messages mean that individual politicians typically lack the incentives to carry out such attacks. We theorize that parties solve this problem by implementing a division of labour that takes into account the incentives of...

This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two “quasi-natural experiments” in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the w...