First of all, we, the editors, need to apologize for delay in this year’s publication. The editorial team year has been fighting against a number issue and we want express our sorrow those all over world who have lost most beloved ones COVID-19 Pandemia. Let’s hope that will be better. In relation volume, had large amount rejections since interest is improve quality journal just about two years...

This paper uses information contained within the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) to examine the ability of Irish households to sustain their mortgage repayments. We calculate mortgage repayment to income (MRTI) ratios for a representative sample of Irish households and examine the distribution of this ratio across the sample. In particular, we stratify information on marital, work...

In this paper we present a differential attack on the block cipher PP-1 which was designed at Poznan University of Technology. Complexity of the attack is smaller than that of brute force attack for every version of the cipher (for every block length). The attack is possible is spite of the fact that the S-box exhibits optimal security against the differential cryptanalysis. The attack is based...

PP-g-PS copolymer is a typical compatilizer used in polypropylene and polystyrene immiscible blends. PP-g-PS copolymers with different side chain lengths were synthesized, and their thermal and mechanical properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. The DSC and POM results show ...

The transit industry is facing declining ridership and increasing costs with no apparent end in sight. This paper takes the view that totally new solutions are needed. The approach is to examine the equation for total cost of a transit system per passenger-mile to determine how to configure a new system to minimize this quantity. Term-by-term analysis leads to derivation of a consistent set of ...

We consider the microfoundations controversy from the perspective of economic evolution. Although the analogy between biology and economics has been noted before, it has rarely focused on clarifying the micro–macro distinction in economic theory and modelling. The micro–macro debate is more developed in biology than in economics owing to a greater degree of specialisation and a greater degree o...

Wilson's (1985, J. Comput. System. Sci. 31, 169 181) model of oracle gates provides a framework for considering reductions whose strength is intermediate between truth-table and Turing. Improving on a stream of previously published results, we prove that PL and PP are closed under NC1 reductions. This answers an open problem of Ogihara (1996, ``Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE Symp. Found. Computer Sci.'')...