The objective of this paper is to understand the impact of regulation and competition policy upon low-income households. A further objective is to consider how regulatory and competition policies might help to reduce the scale and level of poverty. In order to narrow down the study to a manageable size, it has been decided to focus on a single sector. The chosen sector is water. Water has been ...

Since the introduction of private tubewells in rural Pakistan, farmers have increasingly used groundwater to supplement canal water for irrigation and improve the reliability of the water supply. Farmers obtain groundwater either from their own tubewells or from other well owners. This paper examines the effect of private tubewells on rural income, both in terms of income level and income distr...

The prevention and control of legionellosis in water supply systems involves environmental comprehensive sampling. Our aim was to investigate occurrence of Legionella spp. in water supply systems in different administrative districts of Riga, and to find out if there exists a correlation between Legionella spp. positive cases and water source, type of sample, sampling point and temperature of h...

BACKGROUND In Canada, the legal responsibility for the condition of private water supplies, including private wells and cisterns, rests with their owners. However, there are reports that Canadians test these water supplies intermittently and that treatment of such water is uncommon. An estimated 45% of all waterborne outbreaks in Canada involve non-municipal systems. An understanding of the per...

The extension of the mains to marginal urban areas does indeed require considerable investment and implies supplying disadvantaged population groups whose ability to pay presents significant collection problems (Lyonnaise des Eaux, Lyonnaise des Eaux also suggests the use of order of priority within contracts, in order to prioritise services in the order of most pressing need, as follows (Lyonn...

Groundwater is an important, but undervalued, national resource in Scotland. Groundwater is present both in the bedrock, where much of the flow is through fractures, and in the superficial deposits, where intergranular flow dominates. The most productive bedrock aquifers are the Permian sandstones and breccia in SW Scotland and the Devonian sandstones in Fife, Strathmore and Morayshire. Alluviu...

BACKGROUND The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulates >170,000 public water systems to protect health, but not >13 million private wells. State and local government requirements for private well water testing are rare and inconsistent; the responsibility to ensure water safety remains with individual households. Over the last two decades, geogenic arsenic has emerged as a significant pub...